The state with the highest population density in India is Bihar, with a density of over 1,100 people per square kilometer as per the 2011 Census. Despite its relatively small geographic size, Bihar is home to more than 100 million people, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. The state's high fertility rate, along with limited outmigration compared to urban hubs, contributes to this dense population. Major cities like Patna, Gaya, and Muzaffarpur serve as the economic and administrative centers of the state.

Bihar’s cultural and historical legacy dates back to ancient times, being the land of Nalanda University and the birthplace of Buddhism. However, it faces persistent challenges like poverty, unemployment, and underdeveloped infrastructure, which are further intensified by the dense population. Agriculture remains the primary livelihood, although steps are being taken to promote industrial growth and education. Recent efforts in governance, digital initiatives, and social welfare schemes aim to uplift the state's vast population toward better living standards.